Chemistry for Changing Times 11th Edition Hill and Kolb - Fccj.us文档文档.pptVIP

Anesthetics Both alcohol and barbiturates are depressants. Taken together, they cause a synergistic effect. A synergistic effect is an effect greater than each drug taken separately. For instance, the depressant effect of barbiturates is enhanced up to 200 times when taken with ethanol. * Narcotics Narcotics are drugs that produce narcosis (stupor or general anesthesia) and are analgesics (pain killers). In the United States, such drugs that are addictive are legally regulated and classified as narcotics. * Narcotics Opium and Morphine Opium is the resinous juice of the unripe seeds of the oriental poppy. It contains more than 20 alkaloids, sugars, resins, and waxes. Morphine is an alkaloid that makes up 20% of the weight of opium. * Narcotics Codeine and Heroin Codeine is a derivative of morphine. Replacement of the phenolic hydroxyl (OH) group with the methoxy (–OCH3) converts morphine to codeine. Heroin is made by converting both hydroxyl groups of morphine to acetate esters . This makes heroin less polar than morphine and makes it more soluble in fatty brain tissue. * Narcotics Synthetic Narcotics Much research has been done to develop a pain killing drug as effective as morphine but less addictive. Methadone is one such drug that is used to treat heroin addiction. * Narcotics * Narcotics Morphine Agonists and Antagonists Morphine agonists exhibit morphine-like activity by binding to receptors in the brain. Morphine antagonists inhibit the action of morphine by blocking receptors. Pentazocine acts as both. It is less addictive than morphine and is effective at relieving pain. Naloxone is a pure antagonist. It can be used to treat opium addicts. * Narcotics Natural Opiates Endorphins are morphine-like peptide chains produced in response to pain that bind to the receptors in the brain that morphine reacts with. It causes natural pain relief and the “runner’s high.” * Antianxiety Agents A variety of drugs have been used to r