Educational Psychology, Canadian Edition - 约翰文档.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Capacity is limited to 5-9 bits of information. A bit of information is often construed as a single digit or word. However, for experts in a domain, a bit of information might actually represent a large amount of information. The duration of short term memory is brief, typically less than 20 seconds unless the information is actively processed. The contents of short term memory are visual or verbal. In Baddley’s model of working memory there are separate systems for processing visual and verbal information and these are coordinated by a central executive. Two different names are used to refer to this temporary storage process. It is called both short term memory (or store, STM, STS) or working memory. The difference in the names refers to the differences in function. Keeping information available in immediate memory involves a storage function. For example, repeating information over and over again refreshes a memory trace in short term memory. When one is keeping information available in memory while acting on it (e.g., keeping an idea around that one might include in an essay), one is using both a storage and a manipulation function in memory, hence the name “working memory.” * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Educational Psychology, Canadian Edition Encoding, Retrieval, and Forgetting Encoding – the taking in of information Retrieval – probability that information will be retrieved depends on quality of encoding Educational Psychology, Canadian Edition Types of Knowledge Procedural knowledge – knowledge about how to perform tasks Conditional knowledge – knowledge that guides a person in using declarative an procedural knowledge Educational Psychology, Canadian Edition Organization, Practice, and Elaboration Organized material is easier to learn than disorganized material Distributed practice – practice that is interspersed by unequal intervals Massed practice – intense practice for a single period of ti