Battery technology for automotive application DK汽车应用的电池技术.pdfVIP

31 Battery Technology for Automotive Applications Dell A. Crouch Delphi Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana 31.1 INTRODUCTION Batteries have been used in automobiles as energy storage and conversion devices since the early 1900s. The first usage was in electric cars. In 1911, Charles Kettering invented the electric starter, and it first appeared on the 1912 Cadillac [1]. This feature created an additional load for the electrical system — the battery had to be recharged for the next engine start. Adding a generator maintained the convenience advantage of an automobile powered by an internal combustion engine. Unlike an electric car, the battery did not have to be recharged for several hours from an external source of electricity. Today, about 80% of the lead-acid battery industry is devoted to the production of so-called SLI batteries (Starting, Lighting, and Ignition). This abbreviation has become outdated, as new loads have been added to the electrical system. Many of these new loads are covered elsewhere in this book. In addition, new requirements for lower exhaust emissions and higher fuel economy are creating a market for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). These vehicles have two sources of energy for propulsion: an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The combination of these two systems presents a new set of requirements for automotive batteries. This chapter deals with the effect of the present and future of the automotive electrical system on battery design, weight, volume, and performance. We will consider three types of battery chemistry: lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium ion (Li ion). Each has advantages and disadvantages. Inter- faces between the electrical system and the battery will also be covered. © 2005 by Taylor Francis Group, LLC 31.1.1 BATTERY TECHNOLOGY Batteries are groups of electrochemical cell