Some dynamical properties of the stadium billiard体育场台球的一些动力学特性.pdfVIP

Physica D 189 (2004) 49–60 Some dynamical properties of the stadium billiard Jinzhi Lei a,∗, Xiong Lib a Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China b Department of Mathematics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Received 17 January 2003; received in revised form 2 September 2003; accepted 25 September 2003 Communicated by C.K.R.T. Jones Abstract We consider the dynamical properties of one kind of cyclically ordered orbits of the stadium billiard. We prove that the stadium billiard possesses infinitely many such orbits, that they are hyperbolic, and that their stable and unstable manifolds intersect transversely. Hence the stadium billiard contains a Smale horseshoe. We construct symbolic dynamics for these orbits and consider their sensitivity to choice of initial condition by studying their rotation numbers. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 05.45.Ac Keywords: Stadium billiard; Periodic orbit; Horseshoe map; Rotation number 1. Introduction The classical billiard system describes the free motion of a particle in a planar region bounded by a closed curve. The particle moves along a straight line and is reflected from the boundary according to the rule “the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence”. The systematic study of the classical billiard was started by Birkhoff to illustrate and develop some concepts in the theory of Hamiltonian dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom [3]. Since then, the billiard has become a basic model in such diverse fields as foundations of statistical mechanics, ergodic theory, quantum chaos, etc. Billiards represent the simplest systems in classical mechanics that exhibit the full range of behavior observed in two-degree-of-freedom H