Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state推荐.pdf

VOL. 69, No. 5 SEPTEMBER 1962 PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW COGNITIVE, SOCIAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL STATE1 STANLEY SCHACHTER A FD JEROME E . SINGER Columbia University Pennsylvania State University The problem of which cues, internal mentally manipulated were character- or external, permit a person to label ized by a general pattern of excitation and identify his own emotional state of the sympathetic nervou s system but has been with us since the days that there appeared to be no clear-cut physi- James (1890) first tendered his doc- ological discriminators of the various trine that the bodily changes follow emotions. This pattern of results was directly the perception of the exciting so consistent from experiment to ex- fact, and that our feeling of the same periment that Cannon (1929) offered , changes as they occur is the emotion as one of the crucial criticisms of the (p. 449) . Since we are aware of a James-Lange theory, the fact that the variety of feeling and emotion states, it same visceral changes occur in very dif- should follow from James proposition ferent emotional states and in non-emo- that the various emotions will be ac- tional states (p . 351) . companied by a variety of differentiable More recent work , however, has bodily states. Followin