萨特与他的存在主义.pptVIP

(some of)Sartre’s Writings Novels Nausea (1938) The Age of Reason (1945); The Reprieve (1947); Troubled Sleep (1950) (3 parts of a 4-part series) Plays The Flies (1943) No Exit (1944) The Respectful Prostitute (1947) The Condemned of Altona (1960) Biography literary criticism Baudelaire (1947) Saint Genet (1952) The Idiot of the Family (on Flaubert) (1971) Autobiography: Words (1963) Philosophical works The Transcendence of the Ego (1937) The Psychology of the Imagination (1940) Being Nothingness (1943) “Existentialism is a Humanism” (1946) Search for a Method (1957) The Critique of Dialectical Reason (Vol. I, 1960; Vol. II, 1985) Sartre did not believe in “bourgeois marriage,” but he had an intimate life partnership from the late 1920s until his death in 1980 with . . . . Simone de Beauvoir(1908-1986) So, Sartre, What is Existentialism? Before we look into the details of Sartres essay in detail, lets focus a little on an issue that is central to his philosophy: the problem of freedom and determinism. Determinism is the claim that (1) all events are caused and that (2) whatever happens is determined by prior events. One way of presenting the freedom-determinism issue is via the question, Are freedom and determinism compatible? Here, there are two views: compatibilism and incompatibilism. Compatibilists (sometimes called soft determinists) argue that determinism is true but that it is also true that some human actions are free. I will come back to compatibilism in a later message. Right now, I want to focus on two versions of incompatibilism (the view that determinism and freedom are contradictory to each other): (1) Hard Determinism (determinism is true, and freedom is an illusion); and (2) Indeterminism, which is the claim that some events are not caused and are thus not determined by prior events. There is at least one other form of incompatibilism, namely, Libertarianism (which either denies or limits determinism in certain ways). I will also come back