表面化学Liquid-gas_and_liquid-liquid_interfaces2教材教学课件.pptVIP

4 Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces;State of liquid surface; The overall result of this asymmetric force on surface molecules is that: The surface of the liquid will rearrange until the least number of molecules are present on the surface In other words the surface area will be minimized A sphere has the smallest surface area to volume ratio The surface molecules will pack somewhat closer together than the rest of the molecules in the liquid The surface molecules will be somewhat more ordered and resistant to molecular disruptions Thus, the surface will seem to have a skin The inward molecular attraction forces, which must be overcome to increase the surface area, are termed the surface tension ;Surface tension/ surface free energy (?): the work required to increase the area of a surface isothermally and reversibly by unit amount. ;Some surface tension examples;Influencing factors on surface tension;Temperature The surface tension of most liquids decreases with increasing temperature in a nearly linear fashion and becomes very small in the region of the critical temperature. Ramsay-Shields equation ;Pressure The influence of pressure on surface tension is complex. Commonly, the surface tension decreases with increasing pressure.;Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions;2. Ring method;Wtot = Wring + 4pRg Where Wring is the weight of the ring, R is the radius of the ring, and g the surface tension. However, the shape of the liquid supported by the ring is complex and the direction of tension forces are non-vertical. The correction factor should be introduced.;Static measurements can be performed by lowering a dry unwetted glass plate to the liquid surface until its lower edge nearly touches the surface. At this point, the liquid jumps onto the edge and sides of the plate. The liquid wets the plate perimeter and increases its total mass to some maximum point which is proportionnal to the surface tension or interfacial tension of liquid (Assumi