内分泌-2.pptVIP

* Increased Respiration. The increased rate of metabolism increases the utilization of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide;these effects activate all the mecha- nisms that increase the rate and depth of respiration. * Increased Gastrointestinal Motility. In addition to increased appetite and food intake,which has been discussed,thyroid hormone increases both the rates of secretion of the digestive juices and the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.Hyperthyroidism often results in diarrhea.Lack of thyroid hormone can cause consti- pation. * Excitatory Effects on the Central Nervous System. In general, thyroid hormone increases the rapidity of cerebration but also often dissociates this; conversely,lack of thyroid hormone decreases this function.The hyper- thyroid individual is likely to have extreme nervous- ness and many psychoneurotic tendencies,such as anxiety complexes,extreme worry,and paranoia. * Effect on the Function of the Muscles. Slight increase in thyroid hormone usually makes the muscles react with vigor, but when the quantity of hormone becomes excessive,the muscles become weakened because of excess protein catabolism.Conversely,lack of thyroid hormone causes the muscles to become sluggish,and they relax slowly after a contraction. * Increased thyroid hormone in the body ?uids decreases secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary. When the rate of thyroid hormone secretion rises to about 1.75 times normal,the rate of TSH secretion falls essentially to zero.Almost all this feedback depressant effect occurs even when the anterior pitu- itary has been separated from the hypothalamus. Therefore,as shown in Figure 76–7,it is probable that increased thyroid hormone inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of TSH mainly by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary gland itself.Regardless of the mech- anism of the feedback,its effect is to maintain an almost constant concentration of free thyroid hor- mones in the circulating body ?uids * Alpha cells: (about