流体力学与工程Chapter 4 Basics of fluid flow.ppt

4.1 Description of Fluid Motion  Method：Describe the variation of the physical parameters of a given particle (fluid parcel) with time , such as displacement、velocity、acceleration、pressure、density、temperature. Distinguishing of different particle：by the coordinates of particle（a，b，c）at the beginning. Similarly, for an arbitrary physical parameter The method is rarely used because of the difficulty in deriving the function 4.1.2 Euler’s Method  ( Field Method ) Method：Describe the variation of the physical parameters of fluid in a fixed flow field with time, such as displacement、velocity、acceleration、pressure、density、temperature. For an arbitrary physical parameter For velocity For a fixed space, section or point, Euler’s method is usually used. For example, a weather map at any instant can be drawn with Euler’s method for weather forecast. 4.1.3 Particle Derivative The physical parameters of particle, whether they are scalars or vectors, can be differentiated with respect to time. Only Euler’s method is discussed here. General formula in which ----Local derivative that is caused by unsteady flow . ----Transfer derivative that is caused by position change of particle because of nonuniform flow field or the motion of particle. Meaning：A connection is made between Lagrange’s method and Euler’s method. If is Example: Discuss ax at x axis in the following figure. If the free surface goes down in the water tank, If H is a constant If H is a constant and the water pipe is a cylinder. 4.2 Basic Concepts for Description of Fluid Motion (1) According to the number of independent coordinates Dimension Simplification : Example: the flow in a cylinder Discuss: Determine the dimensions of flow and the number of flow direction in velocity field. (2) According to whether the physical parameters change with time State Simplification Unstead