量子的故事.pptVIP

The Story of the Quantum 量子的故事 In the past century, the progress in physics is tremendous: Elementary particles, atoms, nuclei, solid states, …, cosmology Pillars of modern physics: (1) Relativity (2) Quantum theory Theory of Relativity (1905, 1915): Quantum Theory (1901-1930) --- Albert Einstein (1879-1955, German, Swiss, US) Nobel Prize: 1921 (for photoelectric effect) --- Niels Bohr (1885-1962, Danish) Nobel Prize: 1922 (for atomic model) --- Richard Feynman (1918-1988, American) Nobel Prize: 1965 (for QED) WHY did great physicists have trouble with Quantum Theory? NOT difficulties in mathematics (2) Didn’t know how to interpret the results The Quantum Revolution: Began 1901: Max Planck (German, 1858-1947) Nobel Prize: 1918 Ended 1930: Paul Dirac (English,1902-1984) Nobel Prize: 1933 Physics at the end of 19th century Issac Newton (1643-1727) 1687: Principia (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) Alexander Pope: “Nature and natures laws lay hid in night; God said Let Newton be and all was light.” Leonhard Euler (1707-1783, Swiss) Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813, Italian French) Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827, French) William Hamilton (1805-1865, Irish) A mechanical, deterministic world view: Laplace (~1800): A being equipped with unlimited computational power, and given complete knowledge of the positions and momenta of all particles at one instance of time, could use Newton’s equation to