外文文献电动巴士.pdfVIP

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 673–684 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: /locate/rser Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains Moataz Mahmoud a,n, Ryan Garnett b, Mark Ferguson a, Pavlos Kanaroglou c a McMaster Institute for Transportation and Logistics (MITL), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1 b Centre for Spatial Analysis (CSpA), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1 c School of Geography Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Evidence suggests that the role of electric buses in public transit is important if we are to take steps to Received 19 February 2015 reduce climate change and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. Several electric alternatives are Received in revised form currently operationalized, and the debate about which is most suitable is attracting considerable 8 January 2016 attention. This article provides a detailed review of various performance features for three categories of Accepted 3 May 2016 electric buses: hybrid, fuel cell, and battery. Economic, operational, energy, and environmental char- Available online 14 May 2016 acteristics of each technology are revi