翻译概论：定义本质概要.pptVIP

翻译的根本出发点、根本属性 翻译的根本出发点，是出于目标语文化的需求。翻译是由目标语文化发起的，是因为目标文化有所缺失，需要通过翻译来填补。翻译是在目标语情景中，为了某种目的及目标受众而产生的。翻译是目标文化中的事实，一种具有特殊地位的事实，它形成具有自己特征的系统，归属于目标文化。 在克服阻碍交流的语言差异的同时，翻译为交流打开了通道。多亏了翻译，人类社会从阻隔走向交往，从封闭走向开放，从狭隘走向开阔。 Conclusion: 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动，但不是一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构，然后将其串接成句的过程。 翻译不仅仅是语言层面的转换，更重要的是语义的转换。在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。 Eugene A. Nida Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。 乔姆斯基的转换生成语法 Transformational-generative grammar DEEP STRUCTURE is the abstract representation of the syntactic of a conclusion, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents. SURFACE STRUCTURE is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction ,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive . In transformational grammar, deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations. The deep structure shows the semantic components but the surface structure shows the proper phonological information in order to express that thought. 表层结构就是我们看到的句子结构，比如说：花瓶被他打碎了。 深层结构就是从这个句子中能找出来的以不同词为主体的叙述结构，比如上面那个句子的深层结构就是：他打碎花瓶了。 就是说，一部分是“他打碎花瓶”，另一部分是“花瓶碎了”；一个是施事即他以及这个动作，一个是受事即花瓶的状态。这个用深层结构表示的句子经过删除、增加、移位等变化可以转化为表层结构。 The cat killed the bird → the bird was killed by the cat. The bird was killed. The killing of the bird (by the cat). The cat’s killing of the bird.  Every sentence exists on two levels: the Surface structure which corresponds to the actual spoken sentence and the Deep structure which underlies meaning of the sentence. Thus, the single deep idea can be expressed in many different Surface Structures. Common Transfo