国外AdvancedCognitivePsychology课程课件-Reasoning.pptVIP

Reasoning Reasoning What is reasoning? The world typically does not give us complete information Reasoning is the set of processes that enables us to go beyond the information given What types of reasoning are there? Validity vs. Truth Valid argument: true premises guarantee a true conclusion It does not necessarily correspond to the truth in the world Deductive reasoning Allows us to draw conclusions that must hold given a set of facts (premises) Inductive reasoning Allows us to expand on conclusions Conclusions need not be true given premises Category-based induction Analogical reasoning Mental models The logic of the situation You have tickets to the football game. Go Mean Green! You agree to meet Bill and Mary at the corner of Fry and Hickory or at the seats If you see Mary on the corner of Fry and Hickory, you expect to see Bill as well. If you do not see either of them at the corner, you expect to see them at the seats when you get to the stadium. The agreement has a logical form (Bill AND Mary) will be located at corner OR (Bill AND Mary) will be located at seats AND and OR are logical operators They have truth tables The logic of the situation Simple logical arguments If you see Mary Bill AND Mary You expect to see Bill Limits of logical reasoning We are good at this kind of reasoning We do it all the time We can do it in novel situations Are we good at all kinds of logical reasoning? What are our limitations? Conditional Reasoning Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Conditional Reasoning Each card has a letter on one side, and a number on the other Which Cards must you turn over to test the rule: If there is a vowel on one side of the card, then there is an odd number on the other side Conditional Reasoning Who do you have to check? If you have a beer, then you must be 21 or older? Conditional Reasoning These cases are logically the same Valid Arguments: If premises are true, conclusion must be true Affirming the Antecedent P? Q P Q (Modus Ponens) Denying the C