(精选)现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 4课件.pptVIP

4.3 Generative Approach to Syntax The term ANAPHOR is used in a narrow sense to include only reflexives like reciprocals and myself like each other. “To be bound” here refers to the relation between an anaphor and its accessible subject. That is, the former will be co referential with the latter. And they must be in the same governing category, which (also known as “local domain”, “binding domain”) is the minimal domain, or the lowest node in the tree-diagram, containing a dependent element, its governor and an accessible subject. In this context, it is usually the lowest S or NP node. “A pronominal” refers to pronouns other than reflexives and reciprocals. 4.3 Generative Approach to Syntax “To be free” is the opposite of “to be bound”, i.e. not co referential with the subject. And “A r-expression”, as the abbreviation of “a referential-expression”, covers all the other repressions except anaphors and pronominals, e.g. John, Bill, the man. Thus in ex. 4-20 (a), (b) and (c), the anaphors himself, each other are bound, i. E. coreferential with the accessible subjects John, they and Bill respectively in their own governing categories John likes himself, They hit each other, and Bill’s criticism of himself. 4.3 Generative Approach to Syntax In (d) the pronoun is free in its governing category, it is not coreferential with John. In (e), the pronoun is, as in (d), not locally bound, i.e. not coreferential with John; but it may be coreferential with Bill. And in (f), the r-expression the man is not coreferential with either Bi8ll or John; it is free in both domains. 4.3 Generative Approach to Syntax Ex. 4-20 (a) John likes himself. (b) They hit each other. (c) John doesn’t like Bill’s criticism of himself. (d) Bill says John likes him. (e) Bill says John likes him. (f) Bill says John likes the many. Now there are problems in binding theory. An anaphor and a pronominal do not always contrast. There are situations in which they may be interpreted in the same