(食品营养与安全)Chapter9Energy Balance and Weight Management.ppt

Chapter 9 Energy Balance and Weight Management Energy balance Energy balance is the relationship between energy intake and energy output. Energy intake is the amount of calories you take through consumption of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol. Energy output is the energy you use primarily for basic body functions, physical activity and the processing of food. Energy balance Energy In Energy that nutrients give us: 4 kcal per gram pure carbohydrate 4 kcal per gram pure protein 9 kcal per gram pure fat 7 kcal per gram pure alcohol If we know a food’s carbohydrate, fat and protein content, we can use these numbers to estimate its calorie content Food Intake Physiological/Cognitive Influences Physiological influence: Empty stomach, gastric contractions, GI hormones, absence of nutrients in small intestine? hunger Satiation, satiety – gastric distention, GI hormones, feeling of satisfaction during/after eating? stop eating Cognitive Influences Presence of others, favorite foods, time of day, free or abundant food, moods (bored, anxious), stress May override physiological factors? overeating Energy Out ※Your body uses fuel (expends energy) for 3 primary purposes Basal metabolism (Resting energy expenditure, REE) Maintain basic physiological functions: breathing, blood circulation, etc. Physical activity Thermic effect of food (TEF): Digestion, absorption, and processing of ingested nutrients Basal Metabolism (P315) The sum total of all the involuntary activities that are necessary to sustain life, including circulation, respiration, temperature maintenance, hormone secretion, nerve activity and new tissue synthesis, but excluding digestion and voluntary activities. Basal metabolism is the largest component of the average person’s daily energy expenditure. 60 – 70% of the total energy needs Basal Metabolism Basal metabolism rate (BMR): the rate at which the body uses energy to support its basal metabolism. BMR varies from person to person. Measure BMR The per