[交通运输]Basic1.ppt

Navigation 1 Compiled by：张吉平 2002.2 Introduction What is Navigation? Navigation is a subject studying how a ship shall navigate from one place to another safely and economically. What can you learn from Navigation subject? How to make a practical passage plan and how to plot the intended track on the charts. How to fix the ships position The sailing methods in different circumstances, such as ocean navigation, coastal navigation, navigation in narrow channels, navigation in coral areas, navigation in ice and fog. Fundamental knowledge: geographical coordinates, direction, distance, chart projection, rhumb line, tide and tide prediction. To be familiar with all navigational publications, international buoyage systems and navigational aids. In this semester, we shall only discuss: Dead-reckoning (DR) Fixing ship’s position by means of terrestrial objects Fundamental knowledge including: geographical coordinates, direction, distance, chart projection, rhumb line. Part 1 Fundamental knowledge Chapter 1 Coordinates、Direction、Distance Section 1 The shape of the earth and geographical coordinates Section 1-1 The shape of the earth In navigation, the shape of the earth doesnt mean the shape of the earths natural surface , but means the shape surrounded by the geoid which shall be deemed as MSL Although the shape of the earth is an irregular surface , its 2 approximate shapes can be used for different purposes in practical navigation 1.The terrestrial sphere －the first approximate shape In normal navigational problems, e.g., to make definations fior some items and calculation of low accuracy , for the sake of convenience, The earth is often assumed to be perfectly spherical, i.e., we can take it as a sphere, which is also named as the first approximate shape of the earth. The radius of the earth (R) is : R=circumference/ 2π=360°*60ˊ*1852m/2π=6,366,707m 2.The earth ellipsoid the second approximate shape For more accurate calculations, the earth is usually assumed to be