[信息与通信]IP网络基础知识.pptVIP

* Both TCP and UDP use port (or socket) numbers to pass information to the upper layers. port numbers are defined in RFC 1340, thus simplifying application development. Some ports are reserved in both TCP and UDP, but applications may not be written to support them. * Purpose: End systems use port numbers to select the proper application. Originating source port numbers are assigned by the transmitting host, usually some number greater than 1023. * Purpose: emphasis IP address + port number to decide one end. * 序列号和确认号用于识别TCP段中的数据。 序列号的作用：一方面用于标识数据顺序，以便接收者在将其递交给应用程序前按正确的顺序进行装配；另一方面是消除网络中的重复报文包，这种现象在网络拥塞时会出现。 确认号的作用：接收者告诉发送者哪个数据包已经成功接收，并指示发送者接收者希望接受的下一个字节。 * TCP provides sequencing of segments with a forward reference acknowledgement. Segments that are not acknowledged within a given time period result in retransmission. * TCP provides sequencing of segments with a forward reference acknowledgement. Segments that are not acknowledged within a given time period result in retransmission. * Layer 4 of 4: Layer 4 shows the acknowledgment number is 12. Emphasize: The Sequence and Acknowledgment numbers are directional. The slide highlights the communication going in one direction. The sequence and acknowledgments take place with the sender on the right. TCP provides full-duplex communication. * Establish and maintain end-to-end connection * Layer 1 of 3: Host A begins by sending a SYN segment indicating that host A will use sequence numbers starting with sequence number 100. Emphasize: TCP is a simple protocol in terms of connection establishment. Some protocols have dozens of negotiation messages that are transmitted prior to session initialization. TCP implements a strategy that is both necessary and sufficient. * Layer 2 of 3: Host B sends an ACK and acknowledges the SYN it received from host A. Host B also sends a SYN. Note that the acknowledgment field indicates host B is now expecting to hear sequence 101, acknowledging the SYN that occupied sequenc