The Oslo Manual奥斯陆手册文档.pptVIP

The Oslo Manual Revisions and Decisions * Background One of the Frascati family covering surveys of innovation and technology. This is the third version. First was about manufacturing; second about technology based innovation across broader range of sectors. The third will move towards a wider compass and fuller treatment of non-TPP innovation. * OSLO and the CIS The manual is a generic guide to conducting innovation surveys. It makes suggestions and recommendations on conceptual issues eg defining innovation. But also on survey methodology such as statistical units, weighting, imputation . The CIS is intended to follow the guidance but there are always issues of implementation in practice. The CIS is the highest profile example but other surveys in eg Australia, Canada, South Africa, base themselves to some extent on the manual. * OSLO 2Main Topics Defining TPP innovation and innovating firms, in product and process Identifying factors influencing TPP innovation: Activities, inputs and expenditures Sources on information Hampering factors Achieved innovation and impacts on the business. * * * Oslo 3 – Main Changes Proposed New Definition of Innovation. Explicitly include non-technological innovation. New chapter on linkages in the innovation system. New chapter on the economics of innovation – rather cursory treatment in OSLO 2. Norm of two yearly frequency and reference period Preference for a panel element. Idea to have inquiry cascaded through a large enterprise. All are subject to debate and can be influenced. * Definition of Innovation Proposal: “an innovation is the implementation of a new (for the enterprise) solution aiming at enhancing its competitive position, its performance, or its know-how”. N