英国钢产量仍占世界产量一半.pptVIP

1840年代完成了工业革命，以骄人的成绩确立了世界工业霸主的地位。（1851年伦敦世界博览会召开-“水晶宫”，工业革命成果展示。）英国在1850 年，英国生产了全世界金属制品、棉织品和铁产量的一半，煤产量占全球的2/3。 其他如造船业、铁路修筑都居世界首位。1860 年，英国工业品占全球的40-50% ，欧洲工业品的55-60%. 1870年，英国钢产量仍占世界产量一半。 1860年，英国对外贸易占世界贸易总40%。英镑成为国际货币（今天仍然是主要国际货币，硬通货）。伦敦成为最主要世界金融中心之一，一直到今天众多金融交易指标世界第一（国家主权债务，企业债务，黄金交易等）。 British Economy: relative decline from the 19th to the 21st century: world economic hegemony to the fifth largest economy Britain was the largest economy before the 1890’s, accounting for 1/3 of the world manufactured goods, half of the world coal and iron, half its cotton (Egypt, India, South Africa). Britain was overtaken by the U.S. and Germany at the end of 19th and early 20th in terms of industrial output and GNP (gross national product). In terms of per capita GDP, Britain fell behind the U.S .(in 1900), Germany (early 20th century), France (1950’s )and Italy (in 1960’s) and by many other European and Mid-Eastern countries in the late 20th century. Reasons for its economic decline The collapse of the British empire Huge losses/damages in the two world wars (high war debts ) Huge military expenditures (many overseas military bases and troops) Insufficient industrial investment(cold war, military spending, welfare spending, poor growth, higher return on profit overseas) British Economy in the late 20th century 1970’s saw a bad period of the British economy. Oil shock resulting from oil embargo by OPEC countries. result: stagflation: stagnation (no or slow economic development) + inflation (price hikes for products and services, 25%) Mrs. Thatcher : economic reform- recovery, but higher employment. Major measures: Spending cut, tax reform, foreign exchange freed, privatization of state companies, economic deregulation, restriction of labor strikes. In spite of relative decline of its economy, Britain is still a very developed country Britain is still the 5th largest economy(2.8 trillion USD) while its territory size is the 75th and its population is 22nd largest popul