医学统计学英文CH05descriptionofcategoricaldata.pptVIP

Chapter 5Description of categorical data Content Rate、proportion and ratio Application of relative numbers Standardization of rate Dynamic series and analysis index Section 1 Relative Numbers 1、Rate 2、Proportion 3、Ratio 1、Rate Rate：To describe the frequency or intension of some phenomenon. Example1 To investigate 8589 old people in some city in 1998, and 2823 people had hypertension. Morbidity rate： 2823 / 8589 ? 100% = 32.87% 2、Proportion Proportion: To describe the ratio of number of one part and the whole number in the same thing. Formula: Example2 Calculate the patients proportion of 5 diseases in one hospital in 1990 and 1998. Example2 Calculate the patients proportions of 5 diseases in one hospital in 1990 and 1998. Characteristics: （1）Summation of proportions in one thing is 100%. （2）Proportions in the same thing are interactional. 3、Ratio Ratio: the quotient of two related indexs Formula: Example3 There are 370 male newborns and 358 female newborns in a hospital in one year, then The sex ratio of newborn babies: 370/358×100 = 103 Section 2 Application of relative numbers  1、The denominator of relative number should not be too small. 2、Proportion should not substitute rate. 3、To calculate the total rate correctly. 4、Comparison of relative numbers 5、 Comparison of sample rate（proportion）should do hypothesis test. Section 3 Standardization of rate  1、Definition To calculate standard rate by uniform interior constitute. Standardization (or adjustment) of rates is used to enable the valid comparison of groups that differ regarding an important health determinant (most commonly age). It is in fact a specific application of the general methods to control for confounding factors. 2、Calculation Method Direct standardization Indirect standardization Approach 1.Choose the correct method by condition of data. 2.Choose standard composing. 3.Calculate standard rate. Formula