语法专项1-2 句子、时态及语态.doc

第一部分 句子种类与句子成分 句子种类与句子成分是语法学习的基础, 虽然通常各类语言测试没有专门辨析句子种类和句子成分的项目, 但对于任何一种语言学习来说, 句子种类与句子成分渗透在整个语法学习过程中. 本章就句子种类和句子成分进行简明扼要的分类阐述, 旨在为以后的语法学习打下坚实的基础. 一、知识点拨 ★问题一：句子可以分为哪些种类？ 1. 按照结构划分, 句子种类可分为简单句, 并列句和复合句及并列复合句. (1)简单句(Simple Sentence)：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子. 如： The Spring Festival is at hand. We sweep and mop the floor. (2)并列句(Compound Sentence)：由and, but, so, or, for等并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句, 构成并列句. 如：I like classical music while he likes pop music. I come from China and he comes from Italy. ②I was going to write, but I lost your address. He was sleeping, so they were quiet. ④ Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. Either say you’re sorry or get out! Not only is the room well decorated, but also dinner is ready. (3)复合句(Complex Sentence)： 一个主句和一个(或多个)由从属连词引导的从句, 构成复合句. 根据从句在主句中所起的作用, 从句可以分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句. ) (4)并列复合句(Compound Complex Sentence)：并列句中又内含从句的句子. 如： Though he doesn’t learn well in the subject, he impresses us with his diligence, and we immediately come to like him. 2. 按照功能划分，句子种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句 (1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence或Statement)：用来陈述事实. 如：We held a birthday party last Friday. (2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence或Question)：用来提出问题. 如： ①Did you hold a birthday party last Friday? (一般疑问句(General Question或Yes-No Question)) ②When did you hold a birthday party?(特殊疑问句(Special Question或Wh- Question)) ③Would you like chocolate ice-cream or strawberry ice-cream? =Which ice-cream would you like, chocolate or strawberry? (选择疑问句) ④She is leaving for Hong Kong, isn’t she?(反意疑问句或附加疑句[Tag Question]) (3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence或Command)：用来发出命令或请求. 如： Let’s hold a birthday party. Don’t be deceived by her appearance. (4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence或Exclamation)：用来表示惊叹或感叹. 如： What an exciting birthday party it is! How beautiful the scenery is! ★问题二：句子成分有哪些? 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分. 英语句子成分有主语, 谓语, 表语, 宾语, 补语, 定语, 状语等. 1. 主语(Subject):表示句子主要说明的人或