DNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS - Salisbury Composite High …：DNA和蛋白质合成的梳复合高….ppt

mRNA Codons 3 nitrogen bases that code for a specific amino acid –WHY 3? Start codon – starts protein synthesis, AUG which codes for methionine Stop codons – ends protein synthesis, UAA, UAG, UGA Intron – non-coding sequences Exon – coding sequences that make proteins Once translation is complete tRNA returns to the cytoplasm and mRNA is broken down. Why Do Firefly’s Glow? What Makes a Firefly Glow? DNA and Mutations inheritable changes Spontaneous or caused by mutagenic agents Ex) radiation, chemicals may be as simple as a single base pair Basic Mutations: Substitution of nucleotide(s), usually mild mutation created (but can be serious like sickle cell anemia) Frameshift – changes the reading frame. A whole new sequence is read, usually leads to severe mutations. Framrshifts are caused by: a) Deletion of a nucleotide(s) b) Addition of extra nucleotide(s) Translocation of a gene-DNA fragment switches location, often between different chromosomes. This is a very serious mutations (usually fatal) BBC Education - AS Guru - Biology - Genes and Genetics - Genetic Code - Mutation Mutations in body cells often have little consequences compared to mutations of the germ cells (sperm or egg). A single mistake in the DNA of a sperm or egg cell would be repeated billions of times if that cell underwent fertilization to become a complete individual. Transposons are “jumping genes”, DNA sequences that have the ability to move in / out of chromosomes, changing their location. May cause mutations or change amount of DNA /vshockwave/ac_ds_trans.dcr Oncogenes and Cancer Cancer -uncontrolled cell division from a changed genetic code (uncontrolled mitosis) Evidence: 1. Cancerous cells often display nitrogen base substitutions 2. Many known mutagens, are also known to cause cancer segments of chromosomes extracted from cancerous mice transformed normal mouse cells into cancerous cells. -genes called oncogenes cause cancer Oncogenes and Cancer on