Amino Acid Metabolism - BeKnowledge：氨基酸代谢beknowledge.ppt

Amino Acid Metabolism Lecture 17 Modified from internet sources, books and journals Introduction All tissues ? have some capability for: synthesis of the non-essential amino acids conversion of non-amino acid carbon skeletons into amino acids and other derivatives that contain nitrogen liver ? the major site of nitrogen metabolism in the body times of dietary surplus ? the potentially toxic nitrogen of amino acids is eliminated via transaminations, deamination, and urea formation carbon skeletons are generally conserved as: carbohydrate, via gluconeogenesis fatty acid via fatty acid synthesis pathways continued In this respect amino acids fall into three categories: Glucogenic Ketogenic Glucogenic and ketogenic Glucogenic amino acids ? those that give rise to a net production of pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates (α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate) ? precursors to glucose via gluconeogenesis All amino acids except lysine and leucine ? are at least partly glucogenic Lysine and leucine ? the only amino acids that are solely ketogenic (giving rise only to acetylCoA or acetoacetylCoA) continued small group of amino acids (comprised of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) ? give rise to both glucose and fatty acid precursors ? are thus characterized as being glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids have a third possible fate: during times of starvation ? the reduced carbon skeleton is used for energy production, with the result that it is oxidized to CO2 and H2O Essential vs. Nonessential Amino Acids Nonessential Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine Essential Arginine*, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine*, Phenylalanine*, Threonine, Tyrptophan, Valine continued The amino acids arginine, methionine and phenylalanine ? considered essential for reasons not directly related to lack of synthesis Arginine ? synthesized by mammalian cells but at a rate that is insufficient