Emergence of chiral matter from quantum gravity Lee Smolin：从量子重力李·斯莫林手性物质的产生.pptVIP

Do these states propagate? YES Jonathan Hackett: hep-th/0702198 Jonathan Hackett: hep-th/0702198 local moves: A braid can evolve to an isolated structure (a subgraph connected to a larger graph with a single edge): Isolated structures propagate through each other: Hence, like solitons, they do not interact Key issues: Interactions: How can we get these states to interact without falling apart? Generations: does the model work for higher generations? LQG spin foam: are there emergent local chiral excitations for spin foam LQG models? Key issues: Interactions: How can we get these states to interact without falling apart? Generations: does the model work for higher generations? LQG spin foam: are there emergent local chiral excitations for spin foam LQG models? Each has recently been answered positively. How to get higher generations: more on capped, trivalent framed braids (Bilson-Thompson,Hackett, Kauffman) Braids are equivalent to half-twists: Proof: We can apply this to eliminate all braids in favor of half-twists a b c Kauffman numbers: (a,b,c) += half twist braids are equivalent to half twists: This gives us topological invariants, which are the three half-twists after the braids are eliminated: Belt trick identity: (s12 s 32 )3 = I This reduces the numbers of distinct capped braids Multigenerational scheme (Hackett): Capped trivalent ribbon braids Based on Kauffman number’s (a,b,c) Parity: (a,b,c) - (c,b,a) C: (a,b,c) - (-a,-b,-c) Charge= a+b+c All states distinct Interactions assume (a,b,c)+(d,e,f) -- (a+d,b+e,c+f) Strategy: Pick the weak vector bosons: ZL ZR Z0 (2,0,-2) (0,0,0) (-2,0,2) Strategy: Pick the weak vector bosons: neL ZL ZR Z0 (2,0,-2) (0,0,0) (-2,0,2) (2,-2,0) Pick the neutrino: Strategy: Pick the weak vector bosons: neL eL- ZL ZR Z0 eR+ (2,0,-2) (0,0,0) (-2,0,2) (2,-2,0) (1,-3,-1) (1,3,-1) Pick the neutrino: Then the rest of the lepton doublet is determined by the weak