Network Congestion - EECS Instructional Support Group Home …网络拥塞EECS教学支援组的家….pptVIP

Network Congestion Gabriel Nell UC Berkeley Outline Background: what is congestion? Congestion control End-to-end Router-based Economic insights Overview of TCP-friendly congestion control mechanisms Congestion The state of sustained network overload Congestion collapse Traffic dominated by overhead such as packet retransmissions Current internet Dominated by best-effort traffic TCP for guaranteed delivery; Congestion-aware UDP for streaming applications; Congestion-unaware Controlling Congestion End-hosts Advantages: cheap, scalable Disadvantage: requires cooperation Routers Advantages: can be more aggressive, has a complete picture of network traffic Disadvantages: expensive, algorithms difficult to implement in hardware TCP Congestion Control Implemented at end hosts Relies on feedback Implicit: packet drops indicate congestion Explicit: ECN flags in header Congestion controlled by changing window size: additive increase, multiplicative decrease (AIMD) Problem: delays in adapting to network conditions may cause oscillations Router-Based Control Scheduling Determines service order Should be easy to implement, provide fairness and protection, and perform well Scheduling algorithms FIFO (first in, first out) Round-robin / weighted round-robin Weighted fair queuing Router-Based Control Buffer Management Absorbs bursts Shared/per-flow Introduce delay Queue Management Manage queue length, decide what packets to drop RED effective, but difficult to parameterize for variable conditions Economic Insights Tragedy of the Commons Network resources a public good Negative externality Solution: Internalize costs Congestion pricing: cover fixed costs, charge extra under congestion conditions Charge by willingness to pay Economic Insights New problem - customers prefer: Flat rates Constant performance, even if variable performance is better on average TCP-friendly Congestion Control TCP-friendly: long-term throughput does not exceed that of TCP under the same conditions Motivat