Experimentally realizable control of magnetic flux quanta motion 实验上可实现的控制磁通量子运动.pptVIP

E. Coli ATP synthase enzyme impossible (at equilibrium)! Maxwell daemon Brownian motors assumptions: overdamped particle on a periodic substrate V(x)=V(x+L) zero-mean fluctuating x(t) and/or deterministic forces F(t) General properties Conclusions * The Physics of Molecular Motors fluctuations in small engines … and the II Law of Thermodynamics noise rectification mechanisms RD Astumian, Sci. Am., July 2001, 57 P. Hanggi and F.M., Rev. Mod. Phys., 81 (2009) 387 Self propulsion from macro to micro scales scallops, 10-2m shell flaps, jets high Reynolds numbers R=avr/h~100 bacteria, 10-5m low Reynolds numbers R~10-4 flagellum strokes corkscrew, v ? ω flexible oar, v ? ω2 1D 2D Purcell’s (scallop) theorem myosin, 10-8 biological motor on a track: 10-16-10-17W from ATP vs. 10-8W from heat bath power strokes: ATP hydrolysis, ATP→ADP+20kBT, efficiency ~50%; power from “fuel” comparable with power from/to environment Brownian motion: time to diffuse a particle length is a2/D, i.e. much shorter than the drift time a/v — D=kT/6pha, v~3mm/s not a deterministic engine, rather a directed random walker and still a very efficient motor!! (Yanagida, 1999) Rectifying thermal fluctuations? VANE RATCHET noise harvesting, noise-powered small devices R. Feynman L. da Vinci pawl ratchet unbalanced wheel SPRING PAWL WangOster, Nature (1998) reverse reaction ADP + Pi→ATP assign ratchet and vane temperatures T1 and T2; at equilibrium T1 = T2 angular velocity of ratchet rectification t W The Feynman Lectures on Physics, I-46 T1 = T2 e t J C Maxwell If an automated devices doesn’t work, what about an intelligent one? ... if we conceive of a being whose faculties are so sharpened that he can follow every molecule in its course, such a being, …. will raise the temperature of B and lower that of A, in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics (1871). also impossible, but … M. Smoluchowski (1914): No automatic, permanently effective perpetual motion machine can violat