生理学-Digestion复习.docVIP

Gastrointestinal physiology Major activities of GI tract Digestion（消化） Food broken down into absorbable molecules Absorption（吸收） Nutrient molecules are absorbed by celland enter the bloodstream Secretion（分泌） Process by which the glands associated with the gastrointestinal tract release water and substance into the tract. Motility （运动） Movements that mix the gastrointestinal contents and propel them along the tract at an appropriate rate to accommodate digestion and absorption General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function Characteristics of gastrointestinal smooth muscles Innervation of the digestive tract Gastrointestinal hormone 1. Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Resting potential Value of RP in GI tract smooth muscle is smaller than that of skeletal muscles (-50～-60mv); (RP is unstable to generate spontaneous depolarization continuously → Slow wave Slow wave potential(Basic electrical rhythm, BER) The basic electrical rhythm (BER) is a slow spontaneous depolarized wave in the GI. Most gastrointestinal contractions occur rhythmically, and this rhythm is determined mainly by the frequency of so-called “slow waves” of smooth muscle membrane potential ③ Action potential When the membrane potential of gastrointestinal smooth muscle reaches the electrical threshold (–40 mV), action potential is triggered. Stimulate by stretching of the muscle, Ach, parasympathetic stimulation, hormonal stimulation. 2. Innervation of the digestive tract Enteric nervous system （内在神经系统） Submucosal plexus (or Meissner’s plexus)(粘膜下神经丛）in the submucosa ② Myenteric plexus (or Auerbach’s plexus)（肌间神经丛）between circular and longitudinal muscle layers ? Neurotransmitters secreted by enteric neurons Ach(acetylcholine ): Excitatory NE(norepinephrine): Inhibitory Exteric system（外来神经系统） Parasympathetic nerve ②Sympathetic nerve Sympathetic innervation Neurotransmitter is NE. Activation of the sympathetic nerves usually inhibits the activities of the gastrointestina