运动和运动疾病2015.pptxVIP

运动和运动疾病Movement and Movement Disorders孙秉贵医学部神经科学研究所bsun@ 神经生物学公共邮箱：mailto:neurobiology2015@163.comneurobiology2015@163.com密码：neurobiologyMotor SystemSomatic motor systemVisceral motor system/autonomic nervous systemSomatic Motor System Three types of movementThe organization of movementNeural structures involved in controlling movementsTypes of MovementsReflexive movements/反射运动：Reflexes are stereotyped responses to specific stimuli that are generated by simple neural circuits in the spinal cord or brain stem.Voluntary movements/随意运动：The movements that are under conscious control by the brain.Rhythmic movements/节律性运动：Movements that can be controlled voluntarily, but many such movements differ from voluntary movements in that their timing and spatial organization is controlled autonomously by spinal or brain stem circuitry.The Organization of MovementSpinal motor neurons execute movementThe brain stem modulates the action of spinal motor circuitsThe cerebral cortex modulates the action of motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cordNeural Structures Involved in Controlling MovementSpinal cordBrain stemCerebral motor cortexControl movementsNeural Structures Involved in Controlling MovementSpinal cordBrain stemCerebral motor cortexCerebellumBasal ganglionControl movementsmodulationNeural Structures Involved in Controlling MovementSpinal cordBrain stemCerebral motor cortexCerebellumBasal ganglionControl movementsmodulationSpinal Control of MovementLower Motor Neurons Lower motor neuron: in ventral horn of spinal cordAlpha motor neurons: Predominantly in spinal cord – axons synapse on skeletal musclesGamma motor neurons: Located among alpha motor neurons and innervate intrafusal fibers of skeletal musclesTwo Types of Muscle FibersExtrafusal fibers: Innervated by alpha motor neuronsIntrafusal fibers: Innervated by gamma motor neuronsLower Motor Neurons Alpha Motor Neuron: A neuron whose axon forms synapses with extrafusal muscle fibers of a skeletal muscle: activatio