轮机英语 lesson 22.ppt

Lesson 22 OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION (防止油污染) There are three major sources of oil pollution from the operation of ships: 1. the discharge into the sea of tank washings from tankers(油轮); 2. the ballast carried in oil cargo and bunker tanks and 3. the discharge from machinery space bilges. To prevent pollution by oil from ships, the IMO has published ‘Regulations(规则, 规章) for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (MARPOL 73/78) that came into force(开始有效, 开始实行) in December 1983. The first source is reduced by the discharge of tank washings to a slop tank(污水舱) for settling, and discharge overboard of the water while retaining the ‘load on top’ for pumping ashore to the refinery (炼油厂). Crude Oil Washing (COW) eliminates the use of water and enables cargo residues(残余,剩余物) to be pumped ashore during cargo discharge because because cleaning is carried out simultaneously(同时地) with the discharge. As well as requiring tankers of certain sizes to have segregated(隔离) or clean ballast tanks (SBT or CBT) to reduce the ballast contaminated(污染) with oil, new regulations have strict requirements for control of discharge of oil from a tanker. In brief, if oil cargo residue is to be discharged from a tanker it must: a) not be in a Special Area; b) be farther than 50 nautical miles(海里) from land; c) be on passage. Additionally; d) the instantaneous(瞬间的) rate of discharge must not be more than 30 litres per mile; e) the total amount must be not more than 1/30,000 of the particular cargo, and f) the oil discharge monitoring and control system and slop tank arrangement required must be in operation Engine room bilge disposal(处理) is treated separately in the regulations from discharges related to cargo/ballast operation. In general, ships over 400 gt are permitted to discharge machinery space bilges into the sea provide: a) the oil in the bilge discharge without dilution(稀释) does not amount to more than 15 ppm; b) this is achieved by the operation of an oily water separator and/or fil