化学反应工程Chapter 1.ppt

Chapter 1 Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering 1.1 Chemical process illustration Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps. Figure 1.1 shows a typical situation. Fig.1.1 Typical chemical process Physical treatment of feed: The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically. Then they pass through the reactor. The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment—separations, purification, etc.—for the final desired product to be obtained． In this book we are concerned with the chemical treatment step of a process. Economically this may be an inconse’quential(不合理的) unit, perhaps a simple mixing tank. Frequently(常常), however, the chemical treatment step is the heart of the process, the thing that makes or breaks the process economically. Design of the reactor is no rou’tine(常规)matter, and many al’ternatives(二中择一, 可供选择的办法) can be proposed for a process. In searching for the optimum it is not just the cost or the reactor that must be minimized. One design may have low reactor cost, but the materials leaving the unit may be such that their treatment requires a much higher cost than al’ternative designs. Hence, the economics of the overall process must be considered. 1.2 Performance equation: Contacting Pattern or how materials flow through and contact each other in the reactor, how early or late they mix, their clumpiness or state of aggregation. By their very nature some materials are very clumpy?for instance, solids and noncoalescing liquid droplets. Output = ? [ input, kinetics, contacting] (1) 1.3 Classification of Reactions There are many ways of classifying chemical reactions．In the view of chemical reaction engineering probably the most useful scheme is the breakdown (= classify ) according to the number and