免疫学概论2.pptVIP

里谢.C.R （Charles Robert Richet, 1850~1935）法国生理学、细菌学、病理学家1913年获诺贝尔生理学及医学奖 他关于血清治疗法的来源、对过敏性的研究两大重要发现，是对医学的重大贡献。他发现将一个免疫动物的血清输到第二个动物身上，第一个动物的免疫性也就传给第二个动物。1890年12月16日，他使人类第一次利用血清注射体内治疗成功。这消息很快传遍全球，血清疗法为现代医学开创了一条新路。另外他还对过敏反应作出了理论解释。 波威特.D.（Daniel Bovet, 1907~）瑞士生理学家、药理学家1957年获诺贝尔生理学及医学奖 当他在巴黎的巴斯德研究所工作时，就开始研究免疫及过敏现象并对自主神经系统对不同化学物质的反应做了充分的探讨。舒尔兹－戴尔现象的发现（豚鼠子宫角体外过敏实验－用少量抗原加到浸有致敏子宫角的组织液中，能引起致敏的子宫肌收缩）提供了体外研究过敏现象的极好模型，可用于澄清其发生机制。他发现了组胺是过敏反应中最主要的因子，此外还有5－羟色胺以及其它一些活性因子。正是在此基础上他开始寻找可以对抗组胺的药物，最终发现了对哮喘和枯草热有显著疗效的药物。除此之外，他还研究了箭毒的作用机理并将其用于制造松弛药、镇静药和麻醉药 由于他在治疗过敏症方面的重大发现荣获1957年诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。 自身免疫病 免疫缺陷病 AIDS: THE PUBLIC FACE OF IMMUNOLOGY, 1986 TO THE PRESENT The earliest cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared in 1982, as a series of otherwise unusual infections and malignancies in male homosexual patients. Danger model proposes that damage, rather than ‘ foreignness’, is what initiates an immune response. 识别自身与非己理论 识别自身与非己理论 识别自身与非己理论 识别自身与非己理论 Danger model PAMPs and PRRs A perfect example for achievement of systems biology TLR-mediated signaling Effect of TLR on innate immunity and adaptive immunity The first paper that directly showed depletion of a particular T cell subpopulation can break natural self-tolerance and cause a variety of autoimmune diseases in mice similar to their human counterparts. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases induced in mice by elimination of T cell subset. I. Evidence for the active participation of T cells in natural self-tolerance; deficit of a T cell subset as a possible cause of autoimmune disease. Sakaguchi, S., Fukuma, K., Kuribayashi, K. Masuda, T.J. Exp. Med. 161, 72-87 (1985) Transfer of CD5lo cells into nude (nu/nu) mice induced autoimmunity, whereas transfer of CD5hi cells did not. Transfer of both subsets together prevented disease. The CD5hi cells were subsequently shown to be CD25+ Treg cells. This work demonstrated that suppression can be a mechanism of preventing autoimmune disease. CD1 antigen presentation CD1 i