岩浆岩起源与演化.pptVIP

* Yoder (197x) American Mineralogist * Yoder (197x) American Mineralogist * McBirney, Igneous Petrology * Kushiro (1980) Viscosity, density, and structure of silicate melts at high pressures, and the petrological applications, in Physics of Magmatic Processes, p. 93-120. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 今天，全球岩浆作用主要出现在有限的地质环境中，每种环境的岩浆作用都有其特定的成分和岩石组合特征。 位 置 火山岩 侵入岩 洋脊 3 18 汇聚大陆边缘 0.4-0.6 2.5-8.0 大陆板内区 0.03-0.1 01-1.5 大洋板内区 0.3-0.4 1.5-2,0 全球 3.7-4.1 22.1-29.5 新生代全球岩浆作用速率（km3/Yr) 来源：J.A. Crisp,1983,J Vol.Geoth.Res 从板块构造说起 Plate Tectonics: the Earth as a System The boundaries between lithospheric plates are of three kinds Divergent, Convergent, Transform Divergent Plate Boundaries 岩石圈产生和分离的地方：洋中脊，大陆裂谷 Convergent Plate Boundaries 岩石圈板块汇集和损耗之地：subduction or thickening and delamination. Transform Plate Boundaries Where the motion of two plates is parallel to their boundary, lithosphere is neither created nor deformed, but strain is concentrated and seismicity is common. In all three cases, the response of the lithosphere is dominated by faulting, the primary mechanism for strain concentration to narrow boundaries Hotspots To this simple scheme we must add at least one other important element of mantle convection that is not directly associated with the rheology of the lithosphere: Plumes: some 10% of heat flow across the mantle is thought to be carried by rising plumes rather than subduction of cold lithosphere. This mode of convection is driven by basal heating rather than surface cooling. Plumes are presumed to lead to long-lived centers of intraplate volcanism as well as large episodes of volcanism often associated with the formation of new divergent boundaries. 夏威夷火山链的例子 Mantle Hot Spot Volcano See Kehew, 3-8 Geodynamic setting of major rock suites Most geology can be understood by situating the environment of rock formation in a plate tectonic context. That is, the active regions where rocks are being formed today are situated either at particular kinds of pla