（新世纪版）一年级英语下册课稿 Core cultural standards.docVIP

4.5 Core cultural standards On the ground of the above analysis and consulting existing studies which compare US cultural standards with those of other nations (e.g. Müller Thomas, 1995; Markowsky Thomas, 1995), summing up a great number of previous studies about China, American ,the following core culture standards are extracted (Table5 the core U.S culture standards, Table 6 core Chinese culture standards ) . Simultaneously we reduce the type of relationship contrast between China and American (Table 7); the relationship orientation contrast between China and American (Table 8) and the association orientation contrast between China and American (Table 9). We link these culture standards in a encompassing structure. Then, the culture standards were linked together and anchored in their specific historic and cultural background. This in turn provided a method of external validation for the experts explanations. 1.Individualism 2.Self- orientation 3.Action/ Goal orientation 4.Achievement orientation 5.Equality of chances 6.Social support 7.Pragmatism 8.Minimization of interpersonal distance 9.Patriotism 10.Mobility 11.Planning ones time 12.direct communication 13. down-hospitality Table 5 Core American culture standards (as seen by representatives of other cultures) 1.Collectivism 2.In- group orientation 3.Rule orientation 4. Importance of hierarchy and authority /titles(patronizing attitudes towards high ranks or authority title) 5.Minimalization of interpersonal distance 6Personal relationship/importance of face to face interaction 7.Saving face 8. Indirectness and implicit communication 9.Evasion of conflicts 10.fluctuating self-confidence( over-modesty) 11. Time planning 12.over-hospitality and generosity Table 6 Core Chinese culture standards (as seen by representatives of other cultures) China American Affective /expressive type of relation- ship Instrumental type of relationship A friend in need is a friend indeed Fair-weather friend Tantalization