动机与工作（英文版）.pptVIP

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY  Chapter 12 Motivation and Work Motivation Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Incentive a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger Motivation-Hunger Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger Motivation-Hunger Set Point the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure Motivation-Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance