高级微观经济学(上海财经大学_陶佶)note01.pdfVIP

2005 年秋季 高等微观经济学 I 实分析简介 Lecture Note I 1. Logic Consider two statements, A and B. Suppose B ⇒ A is true. 1. A is necessary (必要条件) for B. 2. B is sufficient (充分条件) for A. Contra-positive (逆否) form of B ⇒ A: ~A ⇒ ~B. If both A ⇒ B and B ⇒ A are true, then A and B are equivalent: A ⇔ B. 2. Set Theory We begin with a few definitions. A set (集合) is a collection of objects called elements (元素). Usually, sets are denoted by the capital letters A,B , ,S , ,Z . A set can consist of any type of element. Even sets can be elements of some set. A consumption set is a collection of consumption plans. The typical sets we deal with have real numbers as their elements. If a is an element of A , we write a ∈A . If a is not an element of A , we write a ∉A . If all the elements of A are also elements of B, then A is a subset of B . We write either A ⊂B or B ⊃A . If A ⊂B and B ⊂A , we say that A and B are equal: A = B . A set S is empty (空集) if it contains no elements at all. An empty set denoted as ∅ is a subset of any set. Figure 1. Venn Diagrams The Venn diagrams above show four standard binary operations on sets. 1. The union (并集) of A and B is the set A ∪B = {x : x ∈A or x ∈B }. 上海财大经济学院 1 作者：陶佶 2005 年秋季 高等微观经济学 I 实分析简介 2. The intersection (交集) of A and B is the set A ∩B = {x : x ∈A and x ∈B }. 3. The difference of A and B is the set A \ B = {x : x ∈A and x ∉B }. 4. The symmetric difference of A and B is the set A ΔB = (A ∪B)\(A ∩B). It can be