Logic Proofs - Bethlehem Central School District - Delmar, NY逻辑的证明-伯利恒中心学区-德尔马，纽约.ppt

Logic Proofs Definitions: Logically equivalent: when two statements always have the same truth value. Premise: the statement that is given and excepted to be true. Conclusion: the statement that has come from the premises. Law of Detachment(a law of inference) The Law of Detachment states that when two given premises are true, one a conditional and the other the hypothesis of that conditional it then follows that the conclusion of the conditional is true. If you are given a conditional and the hypothesis the conclusion is true. p? q and p therefore q Law of Contrapositive The Law of Contrapositive states that when a conditional premise is true, it follows that the contrapositive of the premise is also true. If the conditional is true the contrapositive is also true. p ? q then ~q ? ~p Formal Proof: given premises that are true use laws of reasoning to reach a conclusion. Two Column Proof: Column 1: Statements Column 2: Reasons Each statement must have a reason and they are number in sequence. Example: Given: If Joanna saves enough money, then she can buy a bike. Joanna can not buy a bike. Prove: Joanna did not have enough money. Let m = “ Joanna saves enough money” Let b = “ Joanna can buy a bike” Given: m ? b, ~b Prove: ~m Statement m ? b ~b Reason Given Given Law of Modus Tollens Given: If the tickets are sold out (t), then we’ll wait for the next show. (w) We do not wait for the next show. Prove: The tickets were not sold out. Law of Modus Tollens Given: t → w t → w ~ w ~ w Prove: ~ t ? ~ t Law of Modus Tollens The law of Modus Tollens states when 2 given premises are true, one a conditional and the other the negation of the conclusion of that conditional, it then follows that the negation of the hypothesis of the conditional is true. Given a conditional and the negation of the conclusion then the negation of the hypothesis is true. (combining Law of Contrapositive and Law of Detachment) p ? q, ~q t