地图与地图投影__.pptVIP

Map Projection 地图投影 从（椭）球面转绘到平面上所采用的数学方法即是地图投影 。地图投影研究如何根据一定的数学法则，将球面上的经纬线网转绘为平面上的经纬线网方法。是地球椭球体经纬度坐标（λ，φ）转换为平面坐标系坐标（x, y）的数学方法。 投影参数 ⑴地图坐标的测量单位 ⑵比例尺 ⑶比例因子 ⑷标准线 ⑸地图原点 ⑹北移/东移 ⑺地球椭球体及其参数 Map Projections: a systematic rendering of the lat/long graticule on a flat surface Case Tangent: projection surface meets curve of earth’s surface at a single point Secant: projection surface intersects curve of earth’s surface at two or more points Aspect (orientation) Normal Orientation(regular) Transverse Orientation Oblique Orientation While appearance of graticule may change, orientation will not influence projection characteristics as long as the light source is constant the Earth is now projected onto a flat surface the Unprojected Projection the Cylindrical Equidistant Projection the Plate Carrée Projection ArcGIS is a flat-Earth technology distances in Google Earth great circle distances on the sphere shortest distance between two points is an arc of a great circle distance between two points at lambda1 phi1 and lambda2 phi2: radius * arcos [sin phi1 sin phi2 + cos phi1 cos phi2 cos (lambda1 - lambda2)] more complicated on the ellipsoid buffers from Pyongyang:as first shown in The Economist map projections flatten the Earth so it can be shown on a sheet of paper printed stored so distances and areas can be measured easily always involves some distortion a paper map never has a constant scale projections are mathematical transformations from and to latitude and longitude x = f (lat,long) y = g (lat,long) ; reversible sometimes simple for the sphere Mercator given in the text more complex for the ellipsoid Map Projec