8-需求曲线的推导：消费者决策（上）.pptVIP

59 60 Instructor Notes: 1) The graphs shows the demand for water, D, and the supply of water, S,. 2) The supply is (assumed to be) perfectly elastic at the price Pw. 63 Instructor Notes: 1) At this quantity, the price of a diamond is Pd and the consumer surplus from diamonds is the small greet triangle. 2) Water is valuable--has a large consumer surplus--but is cheap. 3) Diamonds are less valuable than water--have a smaller consumer surplus--but are expensive. TM 8-* Copyright ? 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Utility and Demand 效用和需求 Household Consumption Choices家庭消费选择 家庭消费选择的决定：给定约束情况下，个人或者家庭选择能够给自己带来最大满足的消费组合。 家庭的消费选择决定了对物品和劳务的需求 Budget constraint预算约束 Preferences偏好 Budget Constraint预算约束 Consumption choices are constrained by the household’s income and prices. These limits are described by its budget line.家庭所面临的收入和价格的约束通过预算线来描述 含义：你的总消费（所消费物品的数量和其价格的乘积的总和）不可能超过你的总收入。 Affordable 可以支付的 Consumption Possibilities消费可能集 Movies (per month) 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 a b c d e f Unaffordable无法支付的 Soda (six-packs per month) Preferences偏好 Consumption decisions depend upon a person’s likes and dislikes, or preferences.消费决策取决于个人的喜恶，或者说偏好 Utility is the benefit or satisfaction that a person gets from the consumption of a good or service.效用是对偏好的度量。即喜好的程度。 Preferences Total utility is the total benefit that a person gets from the consumption of goods and services.总效用是个人从商品和服务的消费中得到的总收益。 Marginal Utility is the change in total utility that results from a one-unit increase in the quantity of a good consumed.边际效用是一单位商品的消费带来的效用的增加。 Preferences Diminishing marginal utility occurs when the marginal utility decreases as the quantity of a good consumed increases.边际效用递减规律是指对某商品消费的数量的增加带来的边际效用的减少 Why does marginal utility decrease?为什么边际效用会减少？ Maximizing Utility效用最大化 理性消费者会追求效用最大化。 理性消费者通过边际效用来判断是否达到了效用最大化。即在具体的消费选择的时候，会比较不同物品或者物品组合的单位货币边际效用的大小。其含义是说，同样一块钱，用在哪个地方所带来的边际效用更多呢？ Maximizing Utility Consumer equilibrium Occurs at the combination that equates the margi