语言学4。。。.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Lexicon Lexicon: the vocabulary of a language. The study of words is called Morphology(形态学), which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Identification of words Stability Relative uninterruptibility(相对连续性) A minimum free form(最小的自由形式) Classification of words Variable and invariable words(可变化词, 非变化词): the same word has different grammatical forms but part of the word remains constant. Grammatical words(语法词): conj, prep, articles, prons. Lexical words(词汇词): n, v. adj, adv. Open class words(开放类词) — content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as n, adj, v and adv, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet. Closed class words (封闭类) — grammatical or functional words, such as conj, articles, prep and pron. Word class (词类) Particles(助词) Auxiliaries(助动词) Pro-form(代词形式) Determiners(限定词) 1. Pre-determiners(前位限定词) 2. Central-determiners(中位限定词) 3. post-determiners(后位限定词) A like order appear agree advantage morpheme chairman chair+man checking check+ing boys boy+s disappointment dis+appoint+ment Words are formed by combining of a number of distinct units of meaning, which are known as morphemes. morpheme However, in boys, boy and –s can’t be further analyzed. Morpheme is the most basic element of meaning, to be exact, the minimal units of meaning(P61). The study of morpheme is morphology. Types of morphemes free morpheme (自由语素)—one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. (mono-morphemic word.) poly-morphemic words compounds: consisting of wholly of free morphemes, such as babysit, bodyguard, blackboard, etc. root, affix, stem A root is the base form of a word when all the affixes are removed, eg. desire in desirable, care in carefully, nation in internationalism. Types of morphemes affix(词缀) prefix— morphemes that occur only before others, eg. un-, dis-, ir-, etc. suffix— morphem