陕西科技大学过程装备与控制工程过程装备双语Chapter 11 Instrumentation.pptVIP

Chapter 11 Instrumentation §11.2 Basic Instruments Background: At one time, operators controlled processes manually, that is to say, “valve intensive”——it required the technician to open and close valves in piping lineups manually; Modern advances in instrumentation automate processes, this means that an instrument or computer can control: §11.2 Basic Instruments （1）The opening, closing, and position of valves; （2）Start and stop equipment; Can measure:（3）process variables; (Key term) （4）respond automatically. In a control center a single process technician to monitor and control large, complex process networks. Background §11.2 Basic Instruments Basic instrumentation: (Fig.11.2-1) Gauges; Transmitters——变送器，将测量元件的信号统一转换成标准信号，如：4~20mA直流电流； Controllers；compare that with a set point Transducers——转换器，电-气/气-电； Primary elements;基本元件 Computers; Control valves; Other final control elements. §11.3 Temperature Measurement 1．The reason for measurement: Temperature is a important parameter in the process industry, common thermometer cannot apply； Local temperature indicators usually contain a bimetallic strip that differentially expands with increasing temperature, causing a deflection that is correlated with temperature； §11.3 Temperature Measurement 2. Two commonly used scales: Fahrenheit——32 ℉ as the freezing point 212℉ boiling point Celsius——0℃-100℃ 3. Thermometers: Fahrenheit and Celsius Thermoelectric Temperature-Measuring Devices The most common temperature-measuring devices used in the chemical-processing industry are thermoelectric: resistive temperature detectors (RTD s) and thermocouples； Temperature Control Loop(Fig.11.3-2) §11.4 pressure Measurement 1. Definition: Generally——force per unit area; Our profession——the amount of force exerted by fluid on the equipment in which it is contained; In physics——pressure usually is applied to a fluid; 2. Units: Psi——English system， pounds per square inch; Kg/m2: kilograms per square meter——metric sy