syntax 语言学导论课件培训讲解.pptVIP

Chapter FourFrom Word to Text;The use of language, like games, has its own rules. To play the games well, you should know the rules. Words, word groups and phrases, and clauses cannot occur at random, they have to follow certain rules of ordering. (phoneme/morpheme/ word/phrase/clause/sentence) SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.;Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: positional relations relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence;1.1 Positional Relation ;;1.2 Relation of Substitutability ;It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. ;;1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence 同现;Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. ;2. Grammatical construction and its constituents 语法结构、成分;On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and its internal properties. The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome. For instance, the different terms such as clausal小句 type, phrasal 短语type are assigned to the properties of the constructions respectively. ;Subject????????? +;In the context of discourse/text analysis, construction refers to a token of a constructional type. The sentence The girl is giggling is recognized as “Subject + Predicate” type, but it is realized in a string The + girl + is + giggling. ? It is the construction in this sense that can be analysed into constituents. ;2.2 Immediate Constituents ;Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units. If two constituents, in the case of the e