chapter4 fuel and combustion chemical 发动机原理英文PPT演示教学.pptVIP

Fuels and additives;This problem is most pronounced in vehicles that are being restarted, since under these conditions the engine compartment is hottest. If the fuel is not sufficiently volatile the engine will be difficult to start, especially at low ambient temperatures. The volatility also influences the cold start fuel economy. Spark ignition engines are started on very rich mixtures, and continue to operate on rich mixtures until they reach their normal operating temperature; this is to ensure adequate vaporisation of fuel. Increasing the volatility of the petrol at low temperatures will evidently improve the fuel economy during and after starting.;The octane number of a fuel is a measure of its anti-knock performance. A scale of 0-100 is devised by assigning a value of 0 to n-heptane(庚烷) (a fuel prone to knock), and a value of 100 to iso-octane (异辛烷) . A 95 octane fuel has the performance equivalent to that of a mixture of 95 per cent iso-octane and 5 per cent n-heptane by volume. The octane requirement of an engine varies with compression ratio, geometrical and mechanical considerations, and also its operating conditions. There are two commonly used octane scales, research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) ;The tests for determining octane number are performed using the ASTM-CFR(Cooperative Fuel Research) engine; this is a variable compression ratio engine similar to the Ricardo E6 engine. In a test the compression ratio of the engine is varied to obtain standard knock intensity. With the same compression ratio two reference fuel blends are found whose knock intensities bracket(归类) that of the sample. The octane rating of the sample can then be found by interpolation（插值）. ;The flashpoint is the temperature to which the liquid has to be heated for the vapour to form a combustible mixture with air at atmospheric pressure. Since the flashpoint of diesel fuel is at least 55C, this makes it a safer fuel to store than either petrol or kerosen