大学物理课件英文版-导体、电容,Conductors,Capacitors.docVIP

1 1. Conductors A conductor is a material in which the electrons at the outer periphery of an atom have no great affinity for any particular individual atom; they are not bounded to individual atom. The electrons can move freely in the conductors. EeF rr ?= E r e §18.1Conductors in electric field 2 2. The conditions of electrostatic equilibrium of a conductor 1Charge separation continues until such time that the total electric field within the conductor is zero. Conductor is a equipotentialbody. 2The free charge Q on a conductor does not lie within it but must reside on its surface. VE ??= r §18.1Conductors in electric field 3. The magnitude of the electric field at the surface of a conductor 1In electrostatics, the electric field vector at the surface of a conductor must be perpendicular to the surface. The surface of the conductor is an equipotentialsurface. 2The magnitude of the electric field at any location on the surface of any conductor is equal to to the magnitude of the local surface charge density σdivided by ε0. 0ε σ = E ∫?=?path anyd rEV rr ? §18.1Conductors in electric field 3 0 0SSS 0S d d d d d 1 d rightleftletera ε σ ε σ ε = ? =?=?+?+?=? =? ∫∫∫∫ ∫∫ ?? E S SESESESESE QSE S Q rrrrrrrr rr S r ? S r ? §18.1Conductors in electric field 4.Point discharge—lightning rod E r E r E r σ∝ E For differently shaped conductors , or for all shapes of conductors in the presence of other conductors or point charges the surface charge density varies with position on the conductor. §18.1Conductors in electric field 4 r R RQ rq E E R r Q q R Q E r q E R Q r q V R r Rr === == == 2 2 2 0 2 0 00 / / ; 44 44 πεπε πεπε R r Q q For a conductor of arbitrary shape, the electric field at its surface has the greatest magnitude near those portions with the smallest radius of curvature. §18.1Conductors in electric field 5. An isolated conductor with cavity If there are no charges in the cavity, then the all charges on the conductor will reside on