生化课件第十八章 节 基因表达调控.pptVIP

第 十 八 章;第 一 节基本概念与原理;主 要 内 容 基因表达的概念 基因表达的特异性 基因表达的方式 基因表达调控的生物学意义;;二、基因表达的时间性及空间性;（二）诱导和阻遏表达 适应性表达(adaptive expression)：指容易受环境变化影响的一类基因表达。 在特定环境信号刺激下，相应的基因被激活，基因表达产物增加，这种基因称为可诱导基因。 可诱导基因在特定环境中表达增强的过程，称为诱导(induction)。;四、基因表达调控的生物学意义;基因表达的多级调控;第 二 节  原核基因转录调节;原核生物基因组结构特点：;——调节的主要环节在转录起始;操纵子是原核基因转录调控的基本单位;（一）. 特异DNA序列;原核生物;是RNA聚合酶结合并启动转录的特异DNA序列。;2? 操纵序列 ——阻遏蛋白(repressor)的结合位点;3) 其他调节序列、调节蛋白;（三）. RNA聚合酶;二、乳糖操纵子调节机制;二、乳糖操纵子调节机制;;;+ + + + 转录;（四）协调调节;;Positive and negative regulation of the lac operon;第 三 节  真核基因转录调节;一、真核基因组结构特点;;二、染色质结构与真核基因表达密切相关; 1) 顺式作用元件(cis-acting element);顺式作用元件：启动子、增强子、沉默子 ;promoter;Silent;还有蛋白质因子可特异识别、结合自身基因的调节序列，调节自身基因的表达，称顺式作用。;;（二） 反式作用因子;2. 转录调节因子结构;最常见的DNA结合域;常结合CAAT盒;;Evolution of understanding of eukaryotic transcription;P377小分子RNA对基因表达的调节 ;小 结;Summary;1. Some genes are expressed constitutively, but the transcription of other genes is regulated. Transcription may be regulated by a repressor or an activator. 2. In prokaryotes, coordinated gene control is achieved by clustering coordinated structural genes on the chromosome (operon) so that they are transcribed into multigenic mRNAs(polycistron).;3, Transcription of the three genes of the lac operon is blocked when lac repressor binds to operator near the promoter. The repressor dissociates from the DNA when it binds the inducer allolactose. Transcription is activated by a complex of cAMP and CAP. 4, In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled by the interaction of cis-acting element and trans-acting factor. ;5?? In eukaryotes, additional regulatory DNA sites, such as enhancers, can act at a considerable distance from the transcription start site to modulate gene experssion by interacting with specific regulatory proteins.