电子与 及通信工程专业英语Unit 2 Pulse Code Modulation.pptVIP

Unit 2 Pulse Code Modulation;　　One of the problems associated with the transmission of speech signals is that, as the distance over which the signal is transmitted is increased, so does the noise induced into the transmission circuit．Unfortunately，since the introduction of telephony just over a century ago, the number of sources of electro-magnetic noise have also increased considerably．Amplifying signals cannot be used as a technique to overcome noise because the noise gets amplified along with the signal．;　　Way back in 1983 Alec Reeves suggested that one way to overcome the problem of noise in long-distance telephony would be to convert the analogue speech signal into a signal represented by a sequence of digital pulses．Provided these pulses were regenerated before they become impaired beyond recognition, then it would be possible, in principle, to transmit the signal over infinitely long distances with no deterioration, except the approximation inherent in converting an analogue signal into a digital signal and back again[1]．;This deterioration is known as quantization noise and will be discussed further in a subsequent section．The technique of converting the analogue signal into a digital pulse stream became known as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)．Let us now look at PCM in more detail．;　　1．Sampling　　The basic principle of PCM is that the analogue signal representing the sound-wave is sampled at regular intervals and the value of the amplitude of the sample is digitally represented by a number．This involves a process of quantization whereby the continuously variable amplitude function is represented by a selection from a range of digitally quantized levels．This process is illustrated in Fig 2.1.;　　2．Quantization　　The next question we have to answer is how many quantization levels do we need to provide in order to represent the signal amplitude with sufficient accuracy[3]? If the quantization is too coarse, then our signal will be unacceptably impaired by quantiza