PEF-Reaction Engineering 制药工程与 及设备基础　Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals　　.pptVIP

Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals;Chemical Identity ;Reaction Rate ;Rate Laws ;Rate Laws;We see that for the reaction to occur, the reactants must overcome an energy barrier EB. The energy barrier is related to the activation energy, E. The barrier height is a result of ?(1) the molecules needing energy to distort or stretch their bonds in order to break them and to thus form new bonds, (2) as reaction molecules come close together they must overcome both steric and electron repulsion forces, (3) the quantum effects that can in some cases produce a barrier. ;The activation energy is a measure of how temperature sensitive the reactor is. Reactions with large activations energies are very temperature sensitive. ;Rate Laws ;5. Non-Elementary Rate Laws ;The net rate of formation of any species is equal to its rate of formation in the forward reaction plus its rate of formation in the reverse reaction: ratenet = rateforward + ratereverse At equilibrium, ratenet ≈ 0 and the rate law must reduce to an equation that is thermodynamically consistent with the equilibrium constant for the reaction. ;Conversion ;For irreversible reactions the maximum value of X is that for complete conversion, i.e. X=1.0 For reversible reactions, the maximum value of X is the equilibrium conversion, i.e. X=Xe ;Multiple Reactions ;Selectivity and Yield; Example:;General Mole Balance Equation;Mole Balance on Different Reactor Types ;Reactor;Reactor Mole Balances in Terms of Conversion (For single reactions only) ;Batch Reactors ;Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR);Plug Flow Reactors ;Packed Bed Reactors ;Industrial Reactor Photos;Spherical Reactor ;Industrial Reactor Photos;Industrial Reactor Photos;Industrial Reactor Photos;Packed Bed Reactor ;Membrane Reactors ;Semibatch Reactors ;Algorithm for Isothermal Reactor Design ;Reactor Sizing ;Numerical Evaluation of Integrals ;Simpsons rule;Reactors in Series ;Consider a PFR between two CSTRs;Consider a CSTR between two