[新版]英语词汇学.ppt

Chapter 3 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes;Word-formation is a process of creating new words by means of existing elements and according to the patterns and rules of a given language. The three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion (10.5%) composition or compounding (27%) ;1. Derivation;Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the root; therefore the simple word and its prefixed derivative usually belong to the same part of speech. The group of class-changing prefixes is rather small, e.g.: be- adj. or n. ----v. becalm, belittle, befriend de- n.-----v. deform, deoil, defrost en- n.-----v. enslave, endanger un- n.-----v. unleash（解开…皮带）, unearth anti- n.-----adj. anti-war, antibacterial inter- n.-----adj. inter-state, inter-laboratory post- n.-----adj. postwar, postliberation pre- n.-----adj. prewar, preplant;Prefixation:;1) Negative prefixes: can be uesed in front of many words (mainly nouns and verbs) to express a negative or opposite meaning. a-/an-: amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid,atypical dis-: dishonest, discontent, discover, disobey, disagree in-: Incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, invulnerable, illogical, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregular non-: nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un-: uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest ;A mention should be made of the negative prefix in. It can be realized in different phonological environment as in, im, ir, il. “Im”, before /b/, /p/ and /m/: imbalance, impossible, impoverish “Il”, before /l/: illegal, illogical, illiteracy “Ir”, before /r/: irrelevant, irregular, irremovable “In”, before other sounds: informal, insensible, inevitable;Order Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulnerable Sane Related Aligned Mature ;2) Reversative or privative（逆反）: This group of pref