福泽谕吉关于铸造近代日本国民构想及其特点.docVIP

福泽谕吉关于铸造近代日本国民构想及其特点 　　关键词： 福泽谕吉；近代日本；国民铸造；国民权利；启蒙教育；自由民权；独立精神 　　摘 要：日本近代著名启蒙思想家福泽谕吉关于铸造日本国民的构想在近代日本起了振聋发聩的作用。他强调“天不生人上人，也不生人下人”的天赋人权观；指出人的“独立自尊”是文明精神的根本，“一身独立，才能一国独立”，学实学、长智德是个人获得独立的途径；提出国民是权利和义务的统一体，士族应当成为铸造国民的先锋和主体。福泽谕吉的思想显示了敏锐性、系统性和启蒙性特点，且路径明确，即主张从思维方式和生活态度着手来铸就国民，以私立立场亲身实践。但其思想前后矛盾，即由提倡民权转为压制民权，并大力鼓吹对外扩张。 　　中图分类号： K313.41 　　文献标志码： A文章编号： 1009－4474(2012)01－0088－06 　　Analysis of the Idea of Fukuzawa Yukichi on the Building 　　 of Modern Japanese Nation and its Characteristics 　　TIAN Xue-mei 　　（School of Political Sciences, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China） 　　Key words: Fukuzawa Yukichi; modern Japan; Nation-building; rights of the nationals; enlightenment education; civil rights; spirit of independence 　　Abstract: The idea of Fukuzawa Yukichi on Modern Japanese Nation-buildingplayed an important role on the evolution of modern Japan. He emphasized the concept of natural human rights――that is “God creates neither people in high rank nor people in low rank”, argued that “independence and self-esteem” were the foundation of civilization, “A nation can be independent only if an individual is independent”, and learning practical skills and improving wisdom and morality were the ways by which an individual achieves independence. He also put forward that nationals were the unity of rights and obligations, and the aristocrats should be the pioneers and subjects of nation-building. His thoughts demonstrated the characteristics of sensitivity, systematicity and enlightenment, and the path was quite clear, i.e., to build nationals by transforming people?s mode of thinking and living attitudes. Finally, there were obvious contradictions between Fukuzawa Yukichi?s earlier thoughts and later ones. His position changed from advocating civil rights to supporting suppression on civil rights, and began to call for expansion to foreign lands strongly. 　　近代国民的铸造是国民国家?①建设的基础，也是国民国家建设的基本内容。国民权利、国家归属和国家认同构成近代国民的三大支柱，民族特质和公民特质是国民的内在属性，既有权利意识又有国家意识的民众便是国民。而