MRI Imaging - Cornell University磁共振成像-康奈尔大学.ppt

MRI Imaging By: Scott Hayes MRI measures the movement of hydrogen atoms: Why hydrogen atoms? Hydrogen is abundant in the water molecules in human tissue. The nuclei of Hydrogen can act like a “compass needle” in a magnetic field. Some types of tissues prevent hydrogen from spinning as freely. For example, bone is more restrictive to movement than fat. These differences can be detected to distinguish tissue type. RF Pulse knocks H out of alignment Hydrogen are knocked out of alignment with a radio frequency (RF) pulse and relax back into alignment with magnetic field. Physics ReviewPrecession – Gyroscope Example Precession of Hydrogen Atoms Physics ReviewLenz’s Law Why is Lenz’s Law important to MRI? Each Hydrogen acts like a mini-magnet. Procession of Hydrogen can produce a measurable electric current along a pickup coil. As hydrogen precesses, current oscillates until hydrogen aligns with magnetic field. MRI Basic Layout MRI Machinery Gradient Slice Selection Why is a Slice Selection Gradient used? Magnetic Field applied perpendicular to desired slice, because we can now “focus” on a layer with a specific processional frequency. Hydrogen atoms to either side of desired layer are either too fast or too slow. Phase Encoding – Resolves image in second dimension. Apply a magnetic gradient, but only briefly. Goal: Get hydrogen atoms out of sync with each other so they can be distinguished along another axis. Phase Encoding Resolving the Third DimensionFrequency Encoding Fourier’s Transform The pick up coil receives many different frequency oscillations. Use Fourier’s Transform to process the data. Fourier Transform (cont.) Image formation 2D Fourier Transform Recall that the second axis is resolved with a phase encoding gradient. These hydrogen have the same frequency, but interfere with each other due to phase shift. K-Space K-Space Why does an MRI machine make so much noise? When gradients are applied, the strong magnetic field causes the coils