第4章计划基础.pptxVIP

第4章计划的基础;1.计划的定义;It’s concerned with both ends (what’s to be done) and means (how it’s to be done. 计划涉及目标（做什么），又涉及方法（如何做）。;2.管理者为什么要做计划？计划的目的（purposes of planning）;3.计划的类型（types of plans);广度（breadth）是否？;时间长短？;是否明确性？;4.计划的权变因素（contingency factors in planning）;组织的管理层次;战略计划;环境不确定性的程度;履行许诺的期限;未来许诺的期限;5.管理者如何做计划？;目标(goals/objectives);计划文件（plans）;6.设置目标的方法;6.2 目标管理（management by objectives, MBO）;目标管理的4要素：;典型目标管理计划的具体步骤（Steps in a typical MBO Program）;6.3设定目标有5步：;7.战略管理（strategic management）;7.1 战略管理过程;(1)Identify the organization’s current mission, objectives, and strategies;（1）明确组织当前的宗旨、目标、战略;（2）分析外部环境;（3）发现机会和威胁—looking outside the organization;Keep in mind that the same environment can present(give) opportunities to one organization and pose (cause) threats to another in the same industry because of their different management of resources and capabilities.;（4）分析组织的资源—looking inside the organization;If any of these organizational capabilities or resources are exceptional or unique, they are called the organization’s core competencies.;本步分析的结果：;（5）识别优势和劣势;（6）制定战略;（7）实施战略;（8）评估战略;7.2组织战略的类型;Research development;公司层战略;公司层战略;总战略（grand strategy）;稳定战略;增长战略;直接扩张:通过内部增加公司的规模、生产能力、或劳动力获取增长。不是通过收购其他公司或兼并其他公司，而是通过增加自身事业运营而获得增长。 Growth through direct expansion (also called concentration) is achieved by internally increasing a firm’s sales, production capacity, or workforce No other firms are acquired or merged with , instead the company chooses to grow by itself through its own business operations.;2. Vertical integration : A company might also choose to grow by vertical integration, which is an attempt to gain control of inputs (backward vertical integration), outputs (forward vertical integration) or both. In backward vertical integration, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier. In forward vertical integration, the organization attempts to gain control of its outputs (products or services) by becoming its own distributor.;